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Loneliness:
Emotional Loneliness, Social Loneliness

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Loneliness:
General Information

When? | Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 3 | Time 4 | Time 5 | Time 6 | Time 7
Where? | Intensive Protocol (IP) | - | Intake Assessment (EE) Intensive Protocol (IP) | Intake Assessment (EE) Intensive Protocol (IP) | Intensive Protocol (IP) | Intensive Protocol (IP) | Intake Assessment (EE)
Questionnaire | IP: Self and Personality pp. 3, 4 | - | EE: Intake Assessment p. 14 IP: Self and Personality pp. 3, 4 | EE: Intake Assessment p. 14 IP: Self and Personality pp. 3, 4 | IP: Self and Personality pp. 1, 2 | IP: Self and Personality pp. 1, 2 | EE: Intake Assessment pp. 8, 9
SIR Data bank | IP: Psycho rec/table 1 (P1data) rec/table 2 (P1const) | - | EE: ZPK rec/table 220 (z3ee89) IP: Psycho rec/table 201 (P3data) rec/table 202 (P3const) | EE: ZPK rec/table 320 (z4ee89) IP: Psycho rec/table 301 (P4data) rec/table 302 (P4const) | IP: Psycho rec/table 401 (P5data) rec/table 402 (P5const) | IP: Psycho rec/table 501 (P6data) rec/table 502 (P6const) | EE: ZKP rec/table 610 (Z7ee)

To assess loneliness, eight items were selected from the revised UCLA-Loneliness Scale (Russell, Cutrona, Rose &, Yurko, 1984). These items refer to the concepts of social (four items) and emotional (four items) loneliness (cf. Weiss, 1982). Responses were given on a five-point Likert-Scale (5 labeled as "applies very well to me", 1 as "does not apply to me at all"). Some items were recoded (r) so that higher scores on every item indicate greater feelings of loneliness.
At Time 2, two of the eight items (item #'s 1, and 5), one item indicating social, and one item emotional loneliness, were included in the intake assessment (EE). Again, responses were given on a five-point Likert Scale (5 rated as "applies very well to me", 1 as "does not apply to me at all"). Participants who did not understand this scale could answer the questions by simply saying "yes" (=1) or "no" (=2).

Literature: Smith & Baltes, 1996, 1999; Smith, Fleeson, Geiselmann, Settersen, & Kunzmann, 1996, 1999; Staudinger, Freund, Linden, & Maas, 1996, 1999; Wietzker, 1996.

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Loneliness:
UCLA-LS Items used in BASE

Note:
According to the design, IP variable names for Time 1 have the prefix p1, names for Time 3 have the prefix p3,
names for Time 4 have the prefix p4, and names for Time 5 have the prefix p5.
Some items were assessed at Times 3 and 4 in the intake assessment (EE), too. These EE variable names are for Time 3: z3e53bx1/x2 and z3e54bx1/x2, for Time 4: z4e53bx1/x2 and z4e54bx1/x2 (if the item was answered on the five-point scale it has the suffix x1;
if it was answered on the simplified dichotomous scale, the suffix is x2), and for Time 6: z6e53bx1/x2.
Names for T7 have the prefix p7 although the data were administrated in the intake assessment.

| Original items | Translation used in BASE | Variable names Time 1 | Variable names Time 3 | Variable names Time 4 | Variable names Time 5 | Variable names Time 6 | Variable names Time 7
1. | I do not feel alone. | Ich fühle mich allein (r). * | p1dlon | p3dlon1 z3e53bx1 /x2 | p4dlon1 z4e53bx1 /x2 | + | p6dlon1 z6e53bx1 /x2 | z7e53bx1
2. | I lack companionship. | Ich habe wenig Gesellschaft (r). | p1dlon2 | + | + | + | + | +
3. | There are people I feel close to. | Es gibt Menschen, die mir nahe stehen. | p1dlon3 | + | + | + | + | +
4. | I feel isolated. | Ich fühle mich isoliert. (r) | p1dlon4 | + | + | + | + | +
5. | There are people I can turn to. | Es gibt Personen, an die ich mich vertrauensvoll wenden kann. | p1dlon5 | p3dlon5 z3e54bx1 /x2 | p4dlon5 z4e54bx1 /x2 | + | p6dlon5 | p7dlon5
6. | I feel left out. | Ich fühle mich ausgeschlossen. (r) | p1dlon6 | + | + | + | + | +
7. | I feel part of a group of friends. | Ich fühle mich einem Bekanntenkreis zugehörig. | p1dlon7 | + | + | + | + | +
8. | There are people I can talk to. | Es gibt Menschen, mit denen ich offen sprechen kann. | p1dlon8 | + | + | + | + | +

> * Double-negatives were avoided in the translation.
> (r) recoded

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Loneliness:
Raw Constructs Created in BASE

Note:
According to the design, names for Time 1 have the prefix p1, names for Time 3 have the prefix p3,
names for Time 4 have the prefix p4, names for Time 5 have the prefix p5, names for
Time 6 have the prefix p6, and names for Time 7 have the prefix p7.

Constructs | Construct names Time 1 | Construct names Time 3 | Construct names Time 4 | Construct names Time 5 | Construct names Time 6 | Construct names Time 7
Emotional loneliness
1. | p1dlonle | p3clonle | p4clonle | p5clonle | p6clonle | p7clonle
Raw mean (items 1, 2, 4, 6)
2. | p1clon1 | p3clon1f | p4clon1f | p5clon1f | p6clon1f | p7clon1f
Factor score: mean (LISREL parcels 1, 2, 3)
3. | p1dlon1 | z3e53bx1 | z4e53bx1 | z5e53bx1 | z6e53bx1 | z7e53bx1
Single item measure (item 1*)
Social loneliness
1. | p1dlonls | p3clonls | p4dlonls | p5dlonls | p6dlonls | p7dlonls
Raw mean (items 3, 5, 7, 8)
2. | p1clon2 | p3clon2f | p4clon2f | p5clon2f | p6clon2f | p7clon2f
Factor score: mean (LISREL parcels 1, 2, 3)
3. | p1dlon5 | z3e54bx1 | z4e54bx1 | z5e54bx1 | z6e54bx1 | z7e54bx1
Single item measure (item 5*)

> * If the item has been answered on the five-point scale, it has the suffix x1; if it has been answered on the simplified dichotomous scale, the suffix is x2.

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Additional Information:
Loneliness Constructs Created in BASE

Note:
According to the design, names for Time 1 have the prefix p1, names for Time 3 have the prefix p3,
names for Time 4 have the prefix p4, names for Time 5 have the prefix p5, names for
Time 6 have the prefix p6, and names for Time 7 have the prefix p7.

Constructs | Construct names Time 1 | Construct names Time 3 | Construct names Time 4 | Construct names Time 5 | Construct names Time 6 | Construct names Time 7
Emotional loneliness
2a. | p1cln1p1 | p3cln1p1 | p4cln1p1 | p5cln1p1 | p6cln1p1 | p7cln1p1
LISREL parcel 1: mean (items 4, 6)
2b. | p1cln1p2 | p3cln1p2 | p4cln1p2 | p5cln1p2 | p6cln1p2 | p7cln1p2
LISREL parcel 2: mean (item 2)
2c. | p1cln1p3 | p3cln1p3 | p4cln1p3 | p5cln1p3 | p6cln1p3 | p7cln1p3
LISREL parcel 2: mean (item 1)
Social loneliness
2a. | p1cln2p1 | p3cln2p1 | p4cln2p1 | p5cln2p1 | p6cln2p1 | p7cln2p1
LISREL parcel 1*: mean (items 7, 8)
2b. | p1cln2p2 | p3cln2p2 | p4cln2p2 | p5cln2p2 | p6cln2p2 | p7cln2p2
LISREL parcel 2*: mean (item 3)
2c. | p1cln2p3 | p3cln2p3 | p4cln2p3 | p5cln2p3 | p6cln2p3 | p7cln2p3
LISREL parcel 3*: mean (item 5)

> *Before calculating the factor score, the LISREL parcels for social loneliness were (a) standardized to M = 3, SD = 1, and (b) transformed by taking the square root.

> For further information please read the technical documentation of the self and personality interview at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development.

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